There are three famous leadership theories in which the gender role
can be mentioned. The theories are stated in the following:
·
XY theory of Douglas Mc Gregor
·
System Four approach of Rennis
Likert
·
Immaturity / maturity theory.
In the theory of Mc Gregor, he insisted on that there are two leader
types who are differentiating from each other by the administrative style. X
types of leaders see their workers as the people who are not willing to work
much. They should be forced to work and should be monitored throughout the
working process. Nevertheless, Y types of leaders see their workers as self-confident
individuals. They trust them and they think that the workers see the work as a
play and they are willing to work. When we remind the masculine characteristics
such as “gutsy, fearless, trustworthy, independent, cool, strong, passionate,
aggressive and active”, we can conclude that the people who have this kind of
characteristics may be emerged as an X type of leader. When we remind the
feminine characteristics such as; “compassionate, emotional, weak, passive,
dependent, and merciful” we can conclude in that the people who have these
characteristics may be also emerged as X type of leader. Because, having a
strong feminine characteristic, the person cannot believe in him or herself and
he / she may think that he/ she is being deceived by the workers. Nevertheless,
a person who is between these characteristics and who has androgynous traits may
be emerged as a Y type of leader. Since androgynous people have strong
influential (masculine characteristics) and social traits (feminine
characteristics), the coordination of the workers will be done effectively.
This kind of a leader trusts his / her workers and aim to develop their skills.
After analyzing the theory of Mc Gregor, we can focus on the theory
of system four approach created by Likert. Likert supposed that there are four
kinds of systems in which leaders or managers take place:
·
The exploitive - authoritative
system,
·
The benevolent - authoritative
system,
·
The consultative system,
·
The participative - group
system,
In exploitive - authoritative system, the decisions are made by the
strong and passionate managers. These managers have masculine characteristics
and they think that their influence is coming from their strong authority. They
don’t lead their workers to develop their self-confidence. There is no
empowerment and personnel support. Due to this, we can conclude that the
managers don’t have feminine characteristics. In benevolent - authoritative
system, the managers are still strong decision making centers. They are
generally taking decisions by not often asking their subordinates.
Nevertheless, they may need group participation in order to handle some issues.
In this type of system, the managers or leaders have strong masculine
characteristics, where they have very little feminine characteristics.
Especially they are specialized in assigning work and controlling but the level
of relationship inside the company in very limited. The third system of Likert
is known as the consultative system. In this system the participation of the
workers to the decisions are more visible. Nevertheless, the decision making
center is mainly the administration and although the opinions of the
subordinates are taken into consideration, the level of acceptance is still
low. In this system we can realize that the masculine characteristics are still
high. But there is a visible increase in the feminine type of behavior. The
last and the optimum system type is the participative - group system. In this
system the authority and the responsibility of the subordinates are equalized.
The subordinates are seen as important idea creating centers. Their opinions
are assessed clearly and their participation to the decisions is seen
important. The leaders have strong trust to their subordinates and they
influence and direct them to open door policies and continuous improvement. In
this style of leadership, the masculine characteristics of the leaders are seen
to be as strong as the feminine characteristics. The social relationships and
the influence of the leaders on the subordinates are very high. We can say that
in the last system of Likert the leaders should have androgynous traits in
order to coordinate subordinates both in decision making and in working
process.
The last theory of leadership in which the effects of sex role are
seen, is the theory of immaturity and maturity theory of Chris Arygis. He had
observed the individual development by the help of the leaders. When we
summarized the finding of Arygis, we can see that the characteristics of
leaders in this development.
· First finding was the moving of
individuals from a passive state to a state of increasing activity. To achieve
such a development, the subordinate should be motivated and directed throughout
the development process. To motivate a subordinate a high interpersonal
relationship must be maintained. Thus, the subordinates must be directed and coordinated
by a leader who has high social traits.
· Individuals develop from a
state of dependency upon others to a state of relative independence. To achieve
such kind of a change, the leaders should support and empower their
subordinates. The leaders must emphasize on the trust of the administration to
the subordinates work. Afterwards, the workers’ self-confidence will be
improved. This kind of development can be provided by a leader who has
motivational, influential and social skills.
· Individuals behave in only a few
ways, but after growing they are capable of behaving in many ways. This is
related to the training of the individuals by the leaders. The leaders give
them opportunities to develop their original work styles. The empowerment is
supported.
· Individuals are subordinate to
everyone, but they move to equal or superior positions with others. The
promotions should be supported by the leaders. The individuals should be
conscious that if they achieve their own goals, they will be promoted.
In the above list some of the maturity process is listed. It is
clearly known that during the development process of the subordinate, they must
be supported by the leaders both by theoretically and socially. The leader
should be influencing the subordinate in order to make him/her to be improved
in certain times. The subordinates may be either warned or congratulated during
this development process. After all, we can say that this is visible that, both
feminine and masculine characteristics should take place in the development of
the employee.
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